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商業(yè)輪轉(zhuǎn)膠印機(jī)自動(dòng)色彩控制的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)

   2017-02-24 176
商業(yè)輪轉(zhuǎn)膠印機(jī)通常被簡稱作“商業(yè)輪轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)”或“商輪”。有別于單張紙膠印機(jī)及其他形式的輪轉(zhuǎn)印刷機(jī),商輪兼顧了生產(chǎn)速度、印刷質(zhì)量及功能性,能在高速運(yùn)行的情況下確保印刷精度。同時(shí),其可一次性完成雙面印刷、烘干、折頁等一系列工作,并可拓展連線噴膠、連線打壟、連線裁切等附加功能,可廣泛應(yīng)用于較大批量且交貨期短的印刷品生產(chǎn),如全彩雜志、宣傳品、直郵、彩色報(bào)紙及黃頁電話簿等的印刷生產(chǎn)。

  商輪的市場簡況

20世紀(jì)末至21世紀(jì)初是我國商輪市場繁榮發(fā)展的時(shí)期,眾多資金雄厚、實(shí)力較強(qiáng)的書刊印刷企業(yè)紛紛購入全新的進(jìn)口商輪,那時(shí)我國每年的商輪裝機(jī)量接近10臺(tái)。2010年后,受電子出版的沖擊及書刊印刷市場整體萎縮的影響,商輪的新增裝機(jī)量大幅下滑,但國內(nèi)設(shè)備保有量仍然較高,這也使得市場競爭日益激烈。印刷企業(yè)若要獲得競爭優(yōu)勢,就必須從減少生產(chǎn)損耗、提高印刷質(zhì)量的穩(wěn)定性及降低商輪印刷活件的起印數(shù)著手。

除管理手段外,應(yīng)用自動(dòng)化輔助裝置是幫助印刷企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)以上要求的重要方式,運(yùn)用自動(dòng)色彩控制系統(tǒng),不僅能夠大幅降低設(shè)備開機(jī)初期的損耗,而且能夠保持印刷過程中色彩和質(zhì)量的穩(wěn)定,達(dá)到減少損耗、保持印刷質(zhì)量及降低起印數(shù)的目的。與商輪的自動(dòng)色彩控制相關(guān)的系統(tǒng)主要有CIP4和印刷機(jī)的色彩控制系統(tǒng)兩大部分。

  CIP4

如果說印刷機(jī)的色彩控制系統(tǒng)是印刷色彩控制的“指揮官”,那么CIP4就是印刷開始前的“先鋒官”。通過CIP4,可以將印刷相關(guān)的各種信息通過JDF文件順利地傳達(dá)到整個(gè)印刷生產(chǎn)流程的各個(gè)工序,實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的互聯(lián)互通。要想通過CIP4實(shí)現(xiàn)商輪的色彩控制,需滿足以下要求。

首先,印刷機(jī)與印前系統(tǒng)必須連接到同一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,在印前對原稿進(jìn)行處理時(shí),將生成JDF文件,以存儲(chǔ)各類數(shù)據(jù)資料。具體包括:基礎(chǔ)資料,如活件名稱、客戶名稱、活件數(shù)量及交貨期限等;印刷機(jī)預(yù)設(shè)數(shù)據(jù),如分色預(yù)覽圖像、油墨預(yù)設(shè)數(shù)據(jù)、墨斗輥轉(zhuǎn)速、水斗輥轉(zhuǎn)速等;裝訂和加工數(shù)據(jù),如裁切尺寸、折線位置、帖數(shù)等。

其次,必須采用CTP制版。CTP流程是CIP4將印前和印刷聯(lián)結(jié)起來的關(guān)鍵,使得JDF文件的指令集能直接送到印刷機(jī)上。在CTP輸出印版的同時(shí),每個(gè)色組各墨區(qū)
的墨量信息等將被寫入JDF文件中。

最后,在印刷之前,商輪操作人員需進(jìn)入集成在商輪上的CIP4,調(diào)用對應(yīng)活件的JDF文件。調(diào)用JDF文件后,文件中所包含的油墨預(yù)設(shè)信息、折頁機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)等將會(huì)被下載到商輪的中央控制系統(tǒng),再由中央控制系統(tǒng)發(fā)出指令預(yù)先調(diào)整墨斗墨鍵的開合角度和折頁機(jī)等各機(jī)構(gòu)的預(yù)調(diào)位置,保證活件的順利生產(chǎn)。

當(dāng)商輪運(yùn)行起來后,設(shè)備操作人員可將更多的精力放在對設(shè)備狀態(tài)和印品質(zhì)量的監(jiān)控等方面。

  印刷機(jī)的色彩控制系統(tǒng)

1.從開環(huán)到閉環(huán)

早期的商輪大多采用開環(huán)色彩控制系統(tǒng),即由操作人員在印刷過程中重復(fù)拿取印張,通過儀器測量或目視與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣張比對,來調(diào)整印刷機(jī)供墨量,以達(dá)到穩(wěn)定印刷色彩的目的。其主要缺點(diǎn)是:響應(yīng)速度慢、調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)間長、印刷損耗大、主要依賴操作者的技術(shù)水平等。

為解決以上問題,閉環(huán)色彩控制系統(tǒng)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,其工作過程以計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)測量和控制為主,大大減少了人為因素的影響。主要原理是:在印刷過程中測量設(shè)備不斷地掃描承印物上的色控條,經(jīng)過后臺(tái)計(jì)算并與油墨預(yù)置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對比后,給出各色組和各墨區(qū)墨鍵調(diào)整量的指令,印刷控制臺(tái)向印刷墨斗發(fā)出調(diào)整信號,調(diào)整或修正墨層厚度,達(dá)到對印色不間斷自動(dòng)調(diào)整的目的。這個(gè)過程理論上不需要人工參與,調(diào)節(jié)速度快而準(zhǔn)。

2.閉環(huán)色彩控制系統(tǒng)的兩種色彩控制模式

目前全球能夠提供適用于商輪的閉環(huán)色彩控制系統(tǒng)的廠商并不多,各廠商的閉環(huán)色彩控制系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)行原理類似,主要由測速裝置、操作終端、控制PC及分光光度儀掃描頭組成(如圖1中的紅框區(qū)域所示)。其中,測速裝置安裝在印刷機(jī)組的滾筒軸上,用于檢測印刷機(jī)的印刷速度,以便掃描頭的移動(dòng)速度能夠與印刷速度相匹配;分光光度儀掃描儀則裝在烘干裝置與折頁機(jī)構(gòu)之間,當(dāng)商輪以4萬轉(zhuǎn)/小時(shí)的速度運(yùn)行時(shí),分光光度儀掃描頭約每20秒檢測1次。

我公司使用的閉環(huán)色彩控制系統(tǒng)提供以下兩種色彩控制模式,可針對不同的印刷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)使用。

(1)實(shí)地密度控制模式

實(shí)地密度控制模式主要適用于有明確印刷參數(shù)要求的活件,如四色密度或L*a*b*等。在印刷中,分光光度計(jì)掃描頭會(huì)不斷掃描印張上的色控條,測量并計(jì)算出實(shí)地和75%、50%、25%網(wǎng)點(diǎn)的密度、L*a*b*、ΔE、TVI等參數(shù),并對比預(yù)設(shè)的參數(shù)要求,自動(dòng)計(jì)算并轉(zhuǎn)換為墨量差,再將調(diào)節(jié)信息送到印刷機(jī)的墨斗控制系統(tǒng),調(diào)節(jié)給墨量,完成一次循環(huán)。然后進(jìn)行下一次測量,不斷修正調(diào)節(jié)量,使測量結(jié)果與印刷參數(shù)要求之間的差別保持在穩(wěn)定范圍內(nèi)。

實(shí)地密度控制模式的特點(diǎn)是直觀明了,提供了各項(xiàng)常用印刷參數(shù),可幫助操作人員迅速判斷設(shè)備狀態(tài),便于印刷機(jī)本身出現(xiàn)問題時(shí),在自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)無法調(diào)節(jié)的情況下給出參考數(shù)據(jù),便于人工直接參與并解決。

(2)灰平衡控制模式

灰平衡控制模式主要適用于以色稿為主的印刷活件,一般沒有明確的印刷參數(shù)要求,而是以各印刷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為控制目標(biāo)。系統(tǒng)通過測量印張上色控條的灰平衡和中間調(diào)的網(wǎng)點(diǎn)增大值,自動(dòng)計(jì)算并調(diào)節(jié)各單元墨量,以控制灰平衡的方式來控制印刷色彩。使用前,操作人員選擇系統(tǒng)內(nèi)置的不同印刷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)后,會(huì)從印刷效果和硬件條件兩個(gè)方面做出評價(jià),并不斷自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié),使印刷效果評價(jià)級別不斷提高并達(dá)到穩(wěn)定,而硬件條件(設(shè)備狀態(tài)、印刷材料等)評價(jià)可為操作人員提供硬件調(diào)整建議。

當(dāng)印刷效果達(dá)到預(yù)設(shè)狀態(tài)或客戶認(rèn)可效果后,可選擇進(jìn)入“樣本”模式,之后就不再需要操作人員的介入,由系統(tǒng)控制分光光度儀掃描頭不斷掃描信號條,按照“樣本”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對攝取到的每個(gè)墨區(qū)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行色彩平衡分析,然后反饋給印刷機(jī)控制系統(tǒng),并自動(dòng)對印刷機(jī)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)調(diào)整。

灰平衡控制模式的特點(diǎn)是對硬件條件要求較高,需要印刷條件保持穩(wěn)定,如紙張、油墨都應(yīng)符合國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),同時(shí)印刷網(wǎng)點(diǎn)增大等參數(shù)也必須在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范圍內(nèi)。

一般來說,在商輪上使用閉環(huán)色彩控制系統(tǒng),開機(jī)后印刷1200張紙就可達(dá)到一般印刷顏色要求,正常情況下5000張紙以內(nèi)可以達(dá)到預(yù)設(shè)的顏色效果。相比沒有安裝閉環(huán)色彩控制系統(tǒng)的商輪,開機(jī)損耗可減少30%以上,且印刷過程更加穩(wěn)定,不會(huì)因人的疏忽而出現(xiàn)大的波動(dòng)。

商輪印刷速度快、色彩控制困難,對操作人員的技術(shù)要求很高。閉環(huán)色彩控制系統(tǒng)結(jié)合CIP4的使用,一方面縮短了印刷前準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間,大大減少了操作人員的工作量,降低了操作人員技術(shù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)等主觀因素的影響,另一方面保證了印品質(zhì)量的穩(wěn)定性,降低了紙張損耗及對起印量的要求,使得商輪能幫助印刷企業(yè)保持強(qiáng)勁的競爭力。
 
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